Kohlberg s Theory Of Moral Development And Moral Maturity...

Introduction: Lawrence Kohlberg (1927–1987) is the pioneer of the theory of stages of moral development and participated actively in the development of the fields of moral psychology and moral education. Kohlberg was especially inspired by Jean Piaget, a Swiss psychologist who created the theory of cognitive development. Mark Baldwin, John Dewey, and George Herbert Mead also influenced his thinking (Barger, 2000; Encyclopedia of Education, 2002). In this paper, I will analyze in-depth Kohlberg’s theory and discuss an article that uses Kohlberg’s theory to foster moral courage for nurses. I-Kohlberg s definition of moral development and moral maturity According to Kohlberg, moral development is a consecutive and invariant evolution of the moral reasoning of human beings from the childhood to adulthood. Thus, Kohlberg defined three levels (pre-conventional, conventional and post-conventional) comprising each two stages of moral development, hence, a total of six stages: (1) Obedience and punishment, (2) individualism, instrumentalism, and exchange, (3) â€Å"good boy/girl†, (4) law and order, (5) social contract, (6) principled conscience (Barger, 2000). He believed that moral maturity is reached step-by-step, step. That is, one cannot skip a stage through this process or move back (Villanova University, n.d.). In contrast, Piaget in his cognitive development theory, established four stages: sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational. In hisShow MoreRelatedTesting Kohlbergs Theory of Moral Development for Gender Bias1369 Words   |  6 PagesTesting Kohlbergs Theory of Moral Development for G ender Bias Testing Kohlbergs Theory of Moral Development for Gender Bias Introduction Building upon Piagets moral development model, which suggests that children around the ages of 10 or 11 transition from a rule-based morality to one that is more relativistic, Kohlberg concluded in his 1958 doctoral dissertation that there were at least five stages of moral development (Crain, 1985). According to Kohlberg, the maturation from one stage toRead MoreThe s Theory Of Moral Development880 Words   |  4 Pagesshe is said to have dedicated her virginity to God and began living a strict life of discipline that included severe fasting and flagellating herself. When she was fifteen she decided to join The Third Order of St. Dominic in resistance to her parent s attempts to marry her off. In order to make herself unattractive to suitors she cut off all of her hair, and after a bout of smallpox she praised God for the scars left on her face. Around the age of twenty, after joining the convent, Catherine had herRead MoreThe Three Stages Of Moral Development In To Kill A Mockingb ird1478 Words   |  6 PagesThe Kohlberg’s theory is a three level theory relating to moral reasoning and how it develops. In these three levels of moral reasoning there is six sub-stages make his theory more reasonable. The first stage of this theory is Preconventional Moral Reasoning. This first stage is when a child accepts and believes the rules of an authority figure such as parents and teachers. According to Kohlberg children under 10 years of age follow this Preconventional Moral Reasoning. The second stage of Kohlberg’sRead MoreEthical Decision Making And Religious Faith Essay1244 Words   |  5 PagesUniversity Abstract The goal is to examine through literature review if religious faith is deemed to affect the moral or ethical decision-making process of United States Military personnel in a overall sense. But it might also be applied towards everyday civilian study as well. For instance, the United States Marine Corps have been built on a foundation of strong moral values. These are the principled beliefs that shape recruits into men and women of character. Equipped with this skillsetRead MoreFreud s Theory Of Sexual Development1652 Words   |  7 Pagesimpulses and persuading the ego to do the moral thing. When a child is born the id is all that is present until later in their development stages when the ego and superego is later developed (Freud, 1923). Once the child is able to repress their id and allows their superego to take over then the moral development ensues. Anthony: Can you explain your theory of sexual development in children? Freud: Yes I can. There are five stages in sexual development of children. The first stage happens from 0-1Read MoreKohlberg s Theory Of Moral Development Essay1053 Words   |  5 PagesKohlberg’s Theory of Moral Development The theory of moral development was founded by the psychologist Lawrence Kohlberg. He argued that starting from infancy extending throughout adulthood, we develop a moral compass that guides us through our life. Each moral judgment can be categorized into three levels, pre-conventional morality, conventional morality, and post-conventional morality, with each level encompassing two stages. As we grow older and gain new experiences, we begin to view the worldRead MoreThe Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn By Mark Twain Essay1516 Words   |  7 PagesFinn faces many moral dilemmas through his adventure where his decisions affect the growth of his maturity and morality of his character. However, Huck Finn eventually shows that by the end of the novel that he has matured morally through his interactions and shared experiences with runaway slave Jim and reaches Stage 6 of Kohlberg’s Moral Development Theory whereas at the start of the novel he was at Stage 1. Kohlberg’s Moral Development Theory is a belief started by John Kohlberg that ranks theRead MoreSocialisation, Personal Identity, Gender Identity And Gender Roles1313 Words   |  6 Pagesthrough the findings of Erik Erikson and Lawrence Kohlberg. Erik Erikson’s Theory: Erik Erikson (1902-1994) used Freud’s findings as a foundation to develop a theory about human stage development. During Erikson’s work from 1950-1963 he added modifications to Freud’s findings resulting in a proposition of a psychoanalytic theory of psychosocial development that occurs over a human’s lifespan and encompasses all life stages of human development; infancy (birth to 18 months), early childhood (2 toRead MoreThe Theory Of Social Contract1832 Words   |  8 Pagesresponsibility and obligation. People who were in stage 6, the supporter of Heinz ‘s behaviour put the principle of saving and respecting life above all other matters; the opposition disagreed and argued that other people might also need the medicine like Heinz’s wife and he should have considered the worth of all life rather than just his wife’s. This stage was called â€Å"universal ethical principles† and this was the highest rank of moral judgment, wh ich people could opine using most general principles as standardsRead MoreSpiritual Formation1595 Words   |  7 Pagescollection of theories. The theories I will refer to include Piaget’s Cognitive Development Theory, Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory, and Kohlberg’s Development of Moral Reasoning Theory. In Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development, he develops a theory of cognitive development that occurs in stages from persons under two years of age through age 14. Piaget’s theory relates to the cognitive development of a human person. In Erik Ericksons Theory of Psychosocial Development, Erikson describes a theory consisting

The Discovery Of Space Exploration - 1560 Words

The cosmos has always been fascinating. From the Maya to the Egyptians to the Greeks, reading into what is beyond our terrestrial existence has been an ongoing process. We’ve come a long way from using the stars for calendars and religion. Our advancing technology allows us to probe, and explore. It would be a shame not to go searching, given that it is a very human thing to do. There is no doubt that the prospects of discovering an alien organism or a second Earth are exciting. And we keep getting closer. History is flooded with major astronomical discovery. Of course, this had not been without controversy (as Galileo knew all too well). The modern controversy regarding space exploration is not of religious concern, however, but a†¦show more content†¦According to The Borgen Project, it would take 30 billion dollars a year to put an end to world hunger. (6) The NASA budget is around 18 billion a year. (7) Surely, if space exploration was shut down and the money was reallocated, it major dent could be put into solving the world’s hunger problem. Even Martin Luther King Jr objected: If our nation can spend $35 billion a year to fight an unjust, evil war in Vietnam and $20 billion to put a man on the moon it can spend billions of dollars to put God’s children on their two feet right here on earth.† (14) But is such comparison worthy of debate, or is a non sequitur? Putting the numbers in context In reality, is NASA’s budget really all that much? It comprises merely 0.5 per cent of the United States of America’s annual federal budget of around 3.5 trillion dollars. (7) It is almost nothing when compared to the 737 billion dollars per year spent on Defense. (6) Wouldn’t that part of the national budget be better to chip away at? Surely, if the political will was there, the leaders of the world could band together to get rid of all the bad humans have caused and fix all the mistakes that were made in the ongoing history of humankind. The reality is that such a reality will never be realized, since it would involve a complete overhaul of the global socioeconomic system. Inequality is a consequence of capitalism, but it doesn’t seem like too much to spend a trillion or so dollars to patch things up? Yet, the main issues

Sociology and Social Science Marriage and Religion

Question: Discuss about theSociology and Social Sciencefor Marriage and Religion. Answer: Couples Having Children without First Having a Flat in Singapore The analysis of the three articles brings the housing policy in Singapore into the limelight. The argument of which should come first between a baby and the flat seem to receive divergent views from the concerned stakeholders. Besides, Josephine Teo's statement on "Someone don't need much space to have sex" seems not to go well with the majority of the Singaporeans (Tai, 2016). The issue of prioritizing between a house and a baby which should come first has been a subject of different of debate for many years. This has not only happened in Singapore but also in other many Western nations. However, in West acquiring a flat before a baby is not a government policy but an individual choice. The difference between Singapore and other nations is that in Singapore the flats are subsidized by the government and one condition to be able to access the same is to motivate people to give birth to more children. The Singaporean government is using this approach to counteract the declining population in the country where the population is dominated by the senior citizens(Chen, 2016). This government strategy seems to attract a lot of criticisms of the Singaporean people who are the major stakeholders(Yap, 2008). Therefore, it is the right time for the Singaporean government to review its policy and come up with a more friendly approach which will not make the private lives of the Singaporean people uncomfortable. For example, in one of the articles, a citizen explains how the life was unbearable when he managed to have two kids while still living under his parents roof(Zannia, 2016). He goes further to illustrate how it was difficult for eight people to share four room flat. This illustration represents the problems and challenges that majority of the Singaporeans go through in the efforts of conforming to the government policy of having a baby to qualify for a flat. Josephine Teo's remarks seem to lack the support of many Singaporeans. Despite the issue of having a baby first before a house being a government policy, Teo should have won a human face and discuss the issue from the majority affected Singaporeans point of view. This paper neither supports nor disputes Teo's remarks as every situation is completely different, as well as everyone, is different. However, the paper opines that the issue under discussion should not be a government policy, but rather it should be a personal decision as it is in many of the Western countries. This is an individual decision, and the Singaporeans should be left to make it by themselves(Thang, 2005). This is because there are various issues to put into consideration before deciding it is either a baby or a house which should come first. In the following paragraph, this paper discusses the critical questions that one should ask before making a decision. The first question should be whether the relationship between the couples is solid. This is because those who in a relationship or married can decide to have a baby first. However, things may change and end up filing for a divorce. The question raises who will qualify for the flat, father or mother? The second questions highlight the issue of the age. Some people may opt to wait a bit longer before having a baby. It should either because of the studies or other personal reasons(Chan, 2007). This paper offers a suggestion that these people should be allowed to acquire a flat first before having a baby. However, the challenges come in whether they will be able to have a baby in future. To address, the government should undertake all the Singaporeans who wish to acquire a house before a baby through fertility test. The last question goes to the Singaporean government and seeks to ask how someone will be able to offer a comfortable accommodation to his or her family without a house. Even though the family is founded on love but not housing, a proper housing will be an influencer of the happy family. The Singaporean government policy brings it clear that it has not understood the social problems facing the people of Singapore. This paper recommends that the adoption of the Grand theory will help the government understand the social processes and the social difficulties facing people regarding concepts and ideas instead of a specific case evidence. The adoption of this theory will help the government understand social exchange among the people, societal interaction as well as how society functions and how to solve conflicts within the society. The appreciation of the Grand theory by the Singaporean government will facilitate to a greater change in its approach to encouraging people to have babies through unimpressive approach. The decision whether to have a baby before having a flat should be strictly a personal and individual affair but not a government indirect coercive approach. How Religious Groups View the Notion of Sex Before Marriage Various religious groups have different perceptions about the notion of sex before marriage(Baker, 2010). For example, each group has established more codes that govern the issues of ethics, morality, and sexuality. Bearing this is sensitive topic it may be difficult for the various religious group to discuss it freely. Therefore, a researcher will be required to devise appropriate methods that will ensure that the intended information for the study is obtained. Methods of collecting differ and vary under different disputes. However, the researcher will go for the approach which suits his or her context best. This paper chooses questionnaire as the best approach to obtaining perceptions on the notion of sex before marriage from different religious groups. The questionnaire should be designed in a manner that it resembles the common religious teachings. This will enable the targeted group to offer their notions freely. However, just like any other data collection technique, this techn ique will have the following strengths and weaknesses(Finn Jacobson, 2008). Strengths It will be easy and cheap to gather data from large numbers of people. People will feel more comfortable when expressing their perceptions through questionnaire rather than interviews. Minimizes the biasness of the researcher. Many people may be familiar with questionnaires. Weaknesses The respondents may not complete the survey. Words may have different meanings from respondents point of view. It is difficult to know who completed the survey due to lack of contact with the respondent. Designing a good questionnaire may be difficult. References Baker, B. (2010). Same-Sex : An Inappropriate Relationship. A Journal of Undergraduate Work, 1(3), 189-205. Chan, A. (2007). Singapore's Changing Structure and the Policy Implications for Financial Security, Employment, Living Arrangements and Health Care. Asian Metacentre Research Paper Series, 1-26. Chen, H. (2016, October 13). What should come first, a baby or a flat? Retrieved from The BBC: https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-37627269 Finn, J., Jacobson, M. (2008). Just Practice: A Social Justice Approach to Social Work. Peosta: Eddie Bowers Publishing. Tao, J. (2016, 12 October). You don't need much space to have sex: Josephine Teo on no flat, no child belief. Retrieved from Singapore Press Holdings Ltd: https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/ministers-rejoinder-to-no-flat-no-child-belief Thang, L. L. (2005). Private Matters, Public Concern: Procreation Issues in Singapore. The Japanese Journal of Population, 3(1), 76-108. Yap, M. T. (2008). Fertility and Population Policy: the Singapore Experience. Journal of Population and Social Security (Population), 643-658. Zannia, N. (2016, October 14). Netizens on Josephine Teo's remarks on having babies before flats. Retrieved from The Online Citizen 2015: https://www.theonlinecitizen.com/2016/10/14/netizens-on-josephine-teos-remarks-on-having-babies-before-flats/

You are an artist. Essays - Economy, Business, Structure

You are an artist. You are an imaginative, adaptive and inspired person. Life, for you, is an exciting drama. Choose a career that takes advantage of your ingenuity, initiative and problem-solving skills, such as: Guidance Counselor Help others do what youre doing right now! Are you enjoying the career search? As a guidance counselor, you can help high school students to choose the right path for their education and career. Or you could work with older adults as they make career changes. This job may require additional certifications or degrees. Excellent listening and assessment skills; a love for helping people. Remain up-to-date on educational and vocational options Offer advice and suggestions Evaluate student needs and personalities Help with application processes Write recommendations Entrepreneur / Franchise Owner Don't just go to the office, own it! Entrepreneurs start and run new businesses, while franchise owners own and run outlets for existing companies. You'll love the challenge of starting something new and watching it grow. Excellent communication and multi-tasking skills, an outgoing nature and a high level of self-motivation. Convince people to invest in your business Attract new customers Serve as a sales person, oversee IT and/or manage operations and staff Information Graphic Designer From subway signage to web site navigation, information graphic designers help people find their way around. You will work in a variety of creative environments organization information into easy-to-understand visuals. Hand-work skills, creativity and the ability to work in teams. Understand project goals Brainstorm creative solutions Develop and produce signage, and web navigation Multimedia Producer Lights. Camera. Action. Multimedia producers work with visuals, sound and special effects to create scenes for web sites, movies and more. They tell stories with their work as the final piece comes together. Strong computer skills, creativity and flexibility. Brainstorm creative concepts Manage creative talent Plan and coordinate creation Project Manager Project managers make sure work flows smoothly from start to finish, whether the project is building a multi-million dollar hotel, creating an ad for a sports car or developing a new software program. You'll be responsible for making sure the job stays on track, on time and on budget. Strong organization, time management and customer service skills. Define what needs to be done Create project status reports Manage customers and internal teams Monitor budgets, deadlines and quality